All 5 vocabulary words from Lesson 33 of Henle Latin First Year, with English meanings, parts of speech, and forms.
| Latin | English | Part of speech | Form |
|---|---|---|---|
| ille, illa, illud | that; he, she, it | pronoun | demonstrative/personal |
| is, ea, id | that; he, she, it | pronoun | demonstrative/personal |
| numquam | never | adverb | — |
| praetereā | besides; furthermore | adverb | — |
| ratiō, ratiōnis | reason; manner | noun | feminine · 3rd declension |
This lesson contains 2 pronouns, 2 adverbs and 1 noun.
Ille and is can both appear in English as he, she or it, yet a reader should still ask what each points to. Ille often has the more demonstrative force of that; is commonly refers back to someone or something already in view. Trace the referent before translating the rest of the clause. Ratiō adds an abstract noun whose meaning can be reason or manner, so the surrounding argument must decide. Numquam and praetereā do not decline: one excludes an action in time, while the other adds another point. Challenge I assigns these words in week 17 with neighbouring review material, and seminar work focuses on difficult concepts and translations. Before Lesson 34, distinguish an additional point from a negated action, give ratiōnis with ratiō, and explain the referent of a demonstrative without relying on English word order alone.
Forms in this lesson: 3rd-declension nouns (1).
In the Classical Conversations schedule, this lesson's vocabulary is assigned in Challenge I, week 17.
That is its demonstrative sense, but he, she or it may be natural when it stands independently. First identify what it refers to.
It adds a further point: besides or furthermore. Omitting it can hide how the writer connects ideas.
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