All 10 vocabulary words from Lesson 22 of Henle Latin First Year, with English meanings, parts of speech, and forms.
| Latin | English | Part of speech | Form |
|---|---|---|---|
| ācriter | bitterly; eagerly | adverb | — |
| amīcitia, ae | friendship | noun | feminine · 1st declension |
| celeriter | swiftly | adverb | — |
| diū | a long time; long | adverb | — |
| expugnō, expugnāre, expugnāvī, expugnātus | storm; take by storm | verb | 1st conjugation |
| exspectō, exspectāre, exspectāvī, exspectātus | wait for; wait | verb | 1st conjugation |
| fossa, ae | ditch | noun | feminine · 1st declension |
| novus, a, um | new | adjective | 1st/2nd declension adjective |
| vallum, ī | wall; rampart | noun | neuter · 2nd declension |
| vīta, ae | life | noun | feminine · 1st declension |
This lesson contains 4 nouns, 3 adverbs, 2 verbs and 1 adjective.
A ditch and a rampart, fossa and vallum, create a simple physical setting for this vocabulary. Expugnō describes taking a place by storm, whereas exspectō describes waiting; the similar openings should not blur the difference. The adverbs give a second sorting task: celeriter describes speed, ācriter manner, and diū duration. Ask how, or how long, before selecting the English phrase. Amīcitia and vīta bring the list beyond military objects into relationships and life. Challenge B assigns these words in weeks 21–22, comparing subjunctive tenses and preparing for relative clauses; I works with them in week 10. Use the vocabulary to support that reading without assuming every word introduces a new rule. Before Lesson 23, distinguish the two ex- verbs, recognise the genders of fossa and vallum, and preserve the difference between doing something swiftly and doing it for a long time.
Forms in this lesson: 1st-declension nouns (3), 1st-conjugation verbs (2), 1st/2nd-declension adjectives (1), 2nd-declension nouns (1).
In the Classical Conversations schedule, this lesson's vocabulary is assigned in Challenge B, weeks 21 and 22 and Challenge I, week 10.
Diū tells how long an action lasts; celeriter tells how quickly it happens. They answer different questions.
Attach expugnō to storming a defended place and exspectō to waiting. Their beginnings look alike, but the actions are very different.
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